Increased Circulating Levels of PCSK9 and Pro-Atherogenic Lipoprotein Profile in Pregnant Women with Maternal Supraphysiological Hypercholesterolemia.

Maternal physiological hypercholesterolemia (MPH) occurs during pregnancy to assure fetal development. Some pregnant women develop maternal supraphysiological hypercholesterolemia (MSPH) characterized by increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). We aim to determine if proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels (a protein that regulate the availability of LDL receptor in the cells surface), as well as the composition and function of LDL, are modulated in MSPH women. This study included 122 pregnant women. Maternal total cholesterol (TC), LDL, triglycerides and PCSK9 increased from first (T1) to third trimester (T3) in MPH women. At T3, maternal TC, LDL, PCSK9 and placental abundances of PCSK9 were significantly higher in MPSH compared to MPH. Circulating PCSK9 levels were correlated with LDL at T3. In MSPH women, the levels of lipid peroxidation and oxidized LDL were significantly higher compared to MPH. LDL isolated from MSPH women presented significantly higher triglycerides and ApoB but lower levels of ApoAI compared to MPH. The formation of conjugated dienes was earlier in LDL from MSPH and in endothelial cells incubated with these LDLs; the levels of reactive oxygen species were significantly higher compared to LDL from MPH. We conclude that increased maternal PCSK9 would contribute to the maternal elevated levels of pro-atherogenic LDL in MSPH, which could eventually be related to maternal vascular dysfunction.

Amisulprida una nueva profilaxis contra las náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios: una revisión de la literatura / Amisulpride new prophylaxis against postoperative nausea and vomiting: a review of the literature

Introducción: las náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios (PONV) son una complicación postoperatoria común de la anestesia, por lo que la búsqueda de nuevas profilaxis efectivas ha aumentado durante los últimos años, en este contexto se perfila como una opción efectiva el amisulprida, antipsicótico que actúa bloqueando los receptores dopaminérgicos D2 y D3, en dosis bajas. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos establecidas como: Pubmed, Embase, Google Scholar, Medline y la Cochrane central registed of controlled trials. Con las siguientes definiciones clave: "NV" or "postoperative nausea and vomiting" or "postoperative nausea" or "postoperative vomiting" and "Amisulpride" or "APD421", con el fin de cumplir el objetivo general de verificar la efectividad de amisulprida como medicamento profiláctico en manejo de PONV. Resultados: se evaluaron 3 estudios multicéntricos randomizados controlados, con alto grado de confiabilidad y buena calidad metodológica. Se evidencia que el amisulprida es un medicamento profiláctico efectivo contra PONV y con buen perfil de seguridad. Discusión/Conclusión: el amisulprida es un medicamento profiláctico eficaz para prevención de PONV, en dosis óptima de 5 mg, administrado durante el intraoperatorio de cirugías electivas en que se utilice anestesia general en pacientes de moderado a alto riesgo de PONV según escala de Apfel.

Introduction: postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common postoperative complications of anaesthesia, that is why the search for new effective prophylaxis has increased in recent years. Between the drugs that have been tested for this purpose, Amisulpride, an antipsychotic that blocks D2 and D3 dopaminergic receptors, seems to be an effective option when used in low doses. Methods: This search was done by using databases such as Pubmed, Embase, Google Scholar, Medline and the Cochrane central register of controlled. With the following keywords: "NV" or "postoperative nausea and vomiting" or "postoperative nausea" or "postoperative vomiting" and"Amisulpride" or "APD421", with the purpose of verifying the effectiveness of Amisulpride as prophylactic medication in PONV man-agement, which is our main objective. Results: 3 randomised, controlled, multicenter, with high reliability and good methodological quality studies were evaluated. Evidence suggests that Amisulpride is effective as a prophylactic medication against PONV, and it also has a good safety profile. Discussion/Conclusion: Amisulpride administered in an optimal dose of 5 mg during intraoperative elective surgeries that required general anaesthesia, showed to be effective in preventing PONV as a prophylactic drug in patients with moderate to high risk of PONV according to the Apfel scale.

Edema facial como manifestación inicial atípica de arteritis de células gigantes: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Facial edema as an atypical initial manifestation of giant cell arteritis: a case report and review of the literature

Introducción: la arteritis de células gigantes es la vasculitis de vaso grande más frecuente y se ve predominantemente en adultos ma-yores de 50 años. El diagnóstico es en base a la clínica que se compone de cefalea, polimialgia reumática, sensibilidad en relación a la arteria temporal, compromiso del estado general, entre otras cosas, más laboratorio que se evidencia reactantes de fase aguda elevados y anemia y se confirma con biopsia de arteria temporal. Métodos: reporte de un caso de una paciente con debut con cefalea y aumento de volumen facial, lo que conllevó un diagnóstico erróneo de celulitis facial. Debido a esta presentación atípica, se retrasó el diagnóstico de arteritis de la temporal y tratamiento oportuno. Resultados: la arteritis de células gigantes es una patología que posee un gran rango de presentaciones atípicas, lo que ocurre en hasta un 38% de los pacientes que poseen la enfermedad, manifestaciones que incluyen neuralgia del trigémino, infartos linguales, aneurismas aórticos, edema facial, entre otros. Conclusión: es muy relevante conocer las presentaciones atípicas de esta patología que son muy frecuentes de encontrar en los pacientes y conocerlas nos permite aumentar nuestra sospecha clínica permitiendo un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno, evitando consecuencias irreversibles por el retraso diagnóstico.

Introduction: giant cell arteritis is the most frequent large vessel vasculitis and is seen predominantly in adults over 50 years. The diag-nosis is based on the clinic that is composed of headache, polymyalgia rheumatic, sensitivity near the temporal artery, compromise of the general condition, among other things, added to a laboratory that is evidenced like severe acute phase reactants and anemia and finally, is confirmed with temporal artery biopsy. Methods: a case report of a patient who debuted with headache and increased facial volume that led to a wrong diagnosis of facial cellulite. Because of this atypical presentation of the disease, the diagnostic took more time than usual and delayed the accurate diagnosis and timely treatment; this could have caused irreversible consequences. Results:giant cell arteritis has a wide range of atypical presentations; this may occur even up to 38% of patients that have this disease; manifes-tations include: trigeminal neuralgia, lingual infarct, aortic aneurysm, facial edema, and other symptoms. Conclusion: it is important to study the atypical presentations of this pathology because they are usually founded in patients. If we are informed about the atypical presentations, we can increase our clinical suspicion, and that allows us to get the right diagnosis and opportune treatment, avoiding irreversible consequences because of a late diagnosis.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Treatment Schemes Modify Maternal Plasma Cholesterol Levels Dependent to Women´s Weight: Possible Impact on Feto-Placental Vascular Function.

: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) associates with fetal endothelial dysfunction (ED), which occurs independently of adequate glycemic control. Scarce information exists about the impact of different GDM therapeutic schemes on maternal dyslipidemia and obesity and their contribution to the development of fetal-ED. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of GDM-treatments on lipid levels in nonobese (N) and obese (O) pregnant women and the effect of maternal cholesterol levels in GDM-associated ED in the umbilical vein (UV). O-GDM women treated with diet showed decreased total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) levels with respect to N-GDM ones. Moreover, O-GDM women treated with diet in addition to insulin showed higher TC and LDL levels than N-GDM women. The maximum relaxation to calcitonin gene-related peptide of the UV rings was lower in the N-GDM group compared to the N one, and increased maternal levels of TC were associated with even lower dilation in the N-GDM group. We conclude that GDM-treatments modulate the TC and LDL levels depending on maternal weight. Additionally, increased TC levels worsen the GDM-associated ED of UV rings. This study suggests that it could be relevant to consider a specific GDM-treatment according to weight in order to prevent fetal-ED, as well as to consider the possible effects of maternal lipids during pregnancy.